All 24 letters of the Greek alphabet, from alpha to omega, with uppercase and lowercase forms, how to pronounce each name, the sound in modern Greek and what the letter stands for in math, physics and statistics. Tap any letter to copy it, or copy its LaTeX command, HTML entity or Unicode code point.
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Letters (tap to copy)
Name
Pronunciation
Greek
Latin
LaTeX
HTML
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How to use the Greek Alphabet
Browse the cards or switch to the table view to see all 24 letters at once.
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Greek letters in math and science
Symbol
Typical meaning
Field
π
Ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter, ≈ 3.14159
Geometry
Σ
Sum of a series of terms
Algebra, calculus
Δ, δ
A change or difference (Δx); a small quantity (δ)
Calculus, physics
θ, φ
Angles; polar and spherical coordinates
Trigonometry
μ, σ
Mean and standard deviation of a population
Statistics
α, β
Significance level and Type II error rate; regression coefficients
Statistics
λ
Wavelength; eigenvalue; rate of a Poisson process
Physics, linear algebra
ω, Ω
Angular frequency; the ohm, unit of electrical resistance
Physics, electronics
ρ
Density; correlation coefficient
Physics, statistics
τ
Torque; time constant
Mechanics, electronics
ε
An arbitrarily small positive number
Analysis (limits)
χ²
Chi-squared statistic and distribution
Statistics
ψ
Wave function
Quantum mechanics
φ
Golden ratio (1 + √5)/2 ≈ 1.618
Number theory, design
A short history of the alphabet
The Greeks adapted the Phoenician script around the 8th century BC and made one decisive change: they used some Phoenician consonant signs for vowels, creating the first alphabet with full vowel letters. Several local versions existed until Athens officially adopted the Ionic alphabet in 403 BC, and that 24-letter set is the one still used today. The Latin alphabet descends from a western Greek variant through the Etruscans, and the Cyrillic alphabet was built mainly from Greek letters in the late 9th century, which is why so many capitals look alike in all three scripts.
The letter names themselves come from Phoenician words: alpha from ʾālep ("ox") and beta from bēt ("house"). Together they gave us the word "alphabet".
Tips for using Greek letters
In Word or Google Docs, paste the copied symbol, or use the built-in equation editor, which accepts LaTeX-style commands such as \alpha.
On a phone, add a Greek keyboard in your settings, or keep this page bookmarked and tap to copy.
Do not confuse look-alikes: Greek ν (nu) and Latin v, Greek ρ (rho) and Latin p, and capital Η (eta) and Latin H are different characters.
Final sigma ς is only used at the end of a word in Greek text, never in mathematical formulas.
Frequently asked questions
How many letters are in the Greek alphabet?
The modern Greek alphabet has 24 letters: alpha, beta, gamma, delta, epsilon, zeta, eta, theta, iota, kappa, lambda, mu, nu, xi, omicron, pi, rho, sigma, tau, upsilon, phi, chi, psi and omega. Sigma has a special lowercase form ς used at the end of a word.
How do you pronounce the Greek letters in English?
In American English the usual pronunciations are AL-fuh, BAY-tuh, GAM-uh, DEL-tuh, EP-sih-lon, ZAY-tuh, AY-tuh, THAY-tuh, eye-OH-tuh, KAP-uh, LAM-duh, MYOO, NOO, ZYE, OH-mih-kron, PYE, ROH, SIG-muh, TOW, UP-sih-lon, FYE, KYE, SYE and oh-MAY-guh. Speakers of British English often say BEE-tuh and EE-tuh, and modern Greeks pronounce the names differently again.
How do I type Greek letters in LaTeX?
Lowercase letters use a backslash and the name, such as \alpha, \beta, \pi and \omega. Uppercase letters that differ from Latin ones are capitalized: \Gamma, \Delta, \Theta, \Lambda, \Xi, \Pi, \Sigma, \Upsilon, \Phi, \Psi and \Omega. Capitals that look like Latin letters (A, B, E, Z, H, I, K, M, N, O, P, T, X) are simply typed as those Latin letters, and lowercase omicron is just o.
What is the difference between ε and ϵ, or φ and ϕ?
They are two shapes of the same letter. In LaTeX, \epsilon gives the lunate ϵ and \varepsilon gives ε; \phi gives the straight ϕ and \varphi gives the loopy φ. Many textbooks prefer ε and φ. In Unicode the two shapes have separate code points, so this page lets you copy either one.
Why are Greek letters used in math and science?
Greek letters give writers a second set of symbols that will not be confused with the Latin variables x, y and z. Many uses are standard conventions: π for the circle constant, Σ for summation, Δ for change, λ for wavelength, μ for the mean and σ for standard deviation.
How do I write Greek letters in HTML?
Use named entities such as α for α, Ω for Ω and ς for the final sigma ς, or numeric entities like α. In a page saved as UTF-8 you can also paste the symbol directly; this page copies all three forms.
Is the uppercase Greek A the same character as the Latin A?
They look identical, but they are different characters: Greek capital alpha is U+0391 while Latin A is U+0041. That matters for searching, sorting and spell checking, so copy the Greek letter when you are writing Greek text, and the Latin letter when you just need the shape in a formula.
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